Monkeypox: symptoms, prevention and treatment

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 I'm the recent times as everyone is concerned about the corona virus, there is another not that serious or fatal issue but a issue of concern that's destroying the health of a lot of people around the globe 

MONKEYPOX  which is recently declared the global health emergency is a viral infection that can transmit among the humans. The first case of this disease was confirmed in may 2022

WHAT IS MONKEYPOX ?

-While clinically less severe than smallpox, monkeypox is a viral zoonosis (a virus that spreads from animals to people). It has symptoms that are comparable to those of smallpox. Monkeypox has replaced smallpox as the most significant orthopoxvirus for public health since smallpox was eradicated in 1980 and smallpox vaccinations were subsequently discontinued. Primarily affecting central and west Africa, monkeypox has been spreading into cities and is frequently seen close to tropical rainforests. A variety of rodents and non-human primates serve as animal hosts.

WHAT CAUSES MONKEYPOX ?

The Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family contains the enclosed double-stranded DNA virus known as the monkeypox virus. The central African (Congo Basin) clade and the west African clade are two separate genetic clades of the monkeypox virus. In the past, the Congo Basin clade was thought to be more contagious and to produce more severe illness. The only nation where both viral clades have been discovered is Cameroon, which serves as the geographic boundary between the two groups.



Monkeypox had spread to more than 70 nations as of July 26, 2022. The disease is a public health emergency of global concern, according to the WHO. Compared to Covid-19, the disease has caused fewer deaths, although monkeypox can still seriously affect the body.

Although immunizations are available and the disease is not a new one, there is currently some uncertainty regarding its symptoms and prevention. 

TRANSMISSION:

Direct contact with the blood, body fluids, cutaneous or mucosal lesions of infected animals can result in animal-to-human (zoonotic) transfer. Numerous animals in Africa, including rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian pouched rats, dormice, various species of monkeys, and others, have shown signs of monkeypox virus infection. Rodents are the most plausible candidates for the monkeypox natural reservoir, though this has not yet been determined. Eating undercooked meat and other diseased animal products is a potential risk factor. People who live in or close to forests may be indirectly or minimally exposed to diseased animals.


Close contact with respiratory secretions, skin sores on an infected person, or recently contaminated objects can cause human-to-human transmission. Health professionals, family members, and other close contacts of current patients are more at risk because droplet respiratory particles typically require extended face-to-face contact. The number of person-to-person infections in a community's longest documented chain of transmission has increased from 6 to 9 in recent years. This might be an indication of a general decline in immunity brought on by the end of smallpox vaccination campaigns.

Congenital monkeypox can result through transmission through the placenta, which can also happen during intimate contact during labor and after delivery. Although close physical contact is a known risk factor for transmission, it is not known at this time whether monkeypox can particularly spread through sexual intercourse. Studies are required to comprehend this risk better.


SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

The incubation period of monkeypox ranges from 6-13 days and sometimes may exceeds to 5-20 days. Typically, monkeypox is a self-limiting illness with symptoms that last between two and four weeks. Children are more likely to experience severe cases, which are connected to the level of viral exposure, the patient's condition, and the type of problems. The results could be worse if immunological deficits were present. Although smallpox immunization proved protective in the past, people under the age of 40 to 50 (depending on the country) may now be more susceptible to monkeypox due to the worldwide discontinuation of smallpox vaccine campaigns after the illness was eradicated. Monkeypox complications can include secondary infections, bronchopneumonia, sepsis, encephalitis, and corneal infections with subsequent vision loss. It is unknown how widespread an asymptomatic infection might be.

Infection is divided into two phases that is in the first phase the 0–5-day invasion period is marked by fever, severe headache, lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes), back pain, myalgia (muscle aches), and severe asthenia (lack of energy). Compared to other diseases that may initially seem similar, monkeypox has a specific characteristic called lymphadenopathy (chickenpox, measles, smallpox)

And then in the later stage After a fever first appears, the skin eruption often starts one to three days later. Instead of the trunk, the rash is more frequently found on the face and limbs. In 95% of instances, it also affects the palms of the hands and soles of the feet in addition to the face (in 75 percent of cases). Along with the cornea, oral mucous membranes, genitalia, and conjunctivae are all additionally impacted (in 70% of cases). The progression of the rash goes from macules (flat, firm lesions) to papules (slightly raised, firm lesions), vesicles (clear fluid-filled lesions), pustules (yellowish fluid-filled lesions), and crusts that dry up and break off. Lesions can range in number from a few to several thousand.

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 

Several observational studies have shown that smallpox vaccination is roughly 85% effective in preventing monkeypox. There may be a milder sickness as a result of previous smallpox vaccination. A scar on the upper arm is typically present as proof of previous smallpox immunization. The first-generation (original) smallpox vaccines are no longer accessible to the general population. For protection against exposure to orthopoxviruses at work, some laboratory staff or healthcare professionals may have received a more modern smallpox vaccine.

In 2019, a brand-newer vaccine based on the Ankara strain of the modified attenuated vaccinia virus was authorized for the prevention of monkeypox. This two-dose vaccine is still only partially available. Because the vaccinia virus provides cross-protection for the immune response to orthopoxviruses, formulations of the smallpox and monkeypox vaccines are based on this virus.

The primary preventative method for monkeypox involves increasing public knowledge of risk factors and teaching individuals about the steps they may take to lessen virus exposure. A scientific evaluation of the viability and suitability of vaccination for the prevention and control of monkeypox is now being conducted. Some nations have policies in place or are creating them to provide vaccines to people who may be at risk, including laboratory staff, members of quick reaction teams, and healthcare professionals.


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